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  1. Shanahan, JO (Ed.)
    In the realm of science education, ensuring inclusivity and accessibility for all students, especially those with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), is an imperative goal. IEPs are customized plans designed to support students with diverse learning needs, which can encompass a broad spectrum of disabilities and learning differences (Shaw, 2021). Providing learners with an IEP is an integral part of Special Education, however, there are a host of overarching challenges faced by students with IEPs in science education, especially in environmental science classes. In this thesis, the development and application of clay salamander models are evaluated for their potential to provide access to hands-on environmental science education for special education students. The research focuses on establishing a replicable module that facilitates equitable participation while considering the resource constraints typical in educational settings. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available April 28, 2026